Nutrition during pregnancy
Lipids 1996 Mar;31 Suppl:S183-7
Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy.
Connor WE, Lowensohn R, Hatcher L.
Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
In rhesus monkeys, maternal n-3 fatty acid deficiency during pregnancy produces infant monkeys deficient in n-3 fatty acids at birth. These results stimulated current experiments to find out if n-3 fatty acids from fish in the diets of pregnant women would influence the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in the newborn human infant. Fifteen healthy pregnant women were enrolled to receive a 9-wk dietary supplementation of n-3 fatty acids from the 26th to the 35th wk of pregnancy. Sixteen pregnant women were not supplemented and served as controls. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation consisted of sardines and additional fish oil, which provided a total of 2.6 g of n-3 fatty acids per day (d) for the 9-wk period of supplementation. This included 1.01 g DHA. The end point of this study was the blood concentrations of DHA in the newborn infant. DHA in maternal red blood cells increased from 4.6% of total fatty acids to 7.15% at the end of the supplement period and at the time of delivery decreased (as expected) to 5.97% of total fatty acids. Maternal plasma showed a similar change from 2.12 to 3.51% of total fatty acids and then decreased to 2.35%. Levels of DHA in plasma and red blood cells of unsupplemented mothers did not change during the same time period. Levels of DHA in blood of newborn infants differed greatly in infants born from n-3-supplemented mothers compared with control infants. In red blood cells, DHA was 7.92% of total fatty acids compared with 5.86% (control infants). Plasma values showed a similar difference: 5.05% vs. 347% (controls). In n-3-supplemented infants, DHA concentrations were 35.2% higher than in control infants in red blood cells and 45.5% higher in plasma. These data indicate the importance of maternal dietary n-3 fatty acids and, in particular, maternal dietary DHA in promoting higher concentrations of DHA in the blood of the newborn infant.
Am Fam Physician 1997 Jul;56(1):205-12, 216-8
Nutrition during pregnancy.
Kolasa KM, Weismiller DG.
East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
Nutrition assessment and counseling are integral components of preconception and prenatal care. The average-size woman should gain between 11.25 and 15.75 kg (25 and 35 lb) during a normal pregnancy. Some factors identify the pregnant woman with a nutrition risk. Vitamin and mineral supplementation should be based on a dietary assessment. Common discomforts of pregnancy frequently can be managed with dietary modification and safe pharmacotherapeutics. The coordinated efforts of health care providers, registered dietitians, the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) nutrition program, local health departments and Cooperative Extension Service offices can provide appropriate nutrition assessment, education and intervention.
A portion of Sound Formulas proceeds are donated to Remote Area Medical, USA, a non-profit organization which provides free health care to under-served and disadvantaged populations in America.
